Virgílio Afonso da Silva

@article{silva_balancing_2025,

title = {Balancing principles in a world full of rules},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/raju.12423},

doi = {10.1111/raju.12423},

issn = {0952-1917, 1467-9337},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-03-01},

urldate = {2025-03-01},

journal = {Ratio Juris},

volume = {38},

number = {1},

pages = {21\textendash44},

abstract = {Abstract 

 Two central assumptions of Robert Alexy\'s theory of constitutional rights are that every norm is either a rule or a principle, and that rules are applied by subsumption and principles by balancing. In this article I argue that even if balancing is associated with principles, this does not mean that it only takes place in contexts in which no enacted rules exist. On the contrary, our world is full of rules, and only very rarely are none of them applicable in deciding a legal controversy. True hard cases, in which resorting to balancing is justified by the absence of settled rules applicable to a case, are extremely rare. I therefore argue that the most frequent, important, and complex tasks for balancing are those related to encounters between principles and rules. My central claim is that balancing plays different roles in different encounters between principles and rules. It may be an interpretive, a corrective, or a controlling tool. Defenses of, and objections to, balancing should take these different roles into account.},

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@article{silva_balancing_2023,

title = {Balancing may be everywhere, but the proportionality test is not},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.1017/S2045381723000187},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-12-18},

urldate = {2024-12-18},

journal = {Global Constitutionalism},

volume = {13},

issue = {3},

pages = {519-534},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{silva_standing_2021,

title = {Standing in the shadows of balancing: proportionality and the necessity test},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.1093/icon/moac105},

issn = {1474-2640},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {ICON - International Journal of Constitutional Law},

volume = {20},

issue = {5},

pages = {1738-1767},

abstract = {The necessity test is one of the steps of the proportionality test. However, in the literature on the subject, written both by supporters as well as by critics of proportionality, the role of the necessity test has been frequently downplayed, sometimes plainly ignored. The spotlights have always been on balancing. This article aims to show that proportionality is not just about balancing and that the necessity test has a much more important role to play than has been acknowledged so far. Its strengths will be emphasized, especially its connection to politics, time and technological development, and knowledge from other areas. I argue that shedding the appropriate light on these strengths has important implications for several ongoing debates around the proportionality test.},

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@article{silva_pauta_2021,

title = {Pauta, p\'{u}blico, princ\'{i}pios e precedentes: condicionantes e consequ\^{e}ncias da pr\'{a}tica deliberativa do STF},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.53798/suprema.2021.v1.n1.a17},

issn = {2763-7867},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-30},

urldate = {2021-06-30},

journal = {Suprema - Revista de Estudos Constitucionais},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {22-56},

abstract = {A delibera\c{c}\~{a}o em um tribunal ocorre em momentos espec\'{i}ficos. Mas h\'{a} fatores que podem influenciar esses momentos deliberativos que precedem a delibera\c{c}\~{a}o propriamente dita. E a forma como um tribunal delibera e decide tamb\'{e}m tem efeitos que se protraem no tempo e influenciam delibera\c{c}\~{o}es futuras. Este artigo ocupa-se de algumas dessas condicionantes e consequ\^{e}ncias da pr\'{a}tica deliberativa e decis\'{o}ria do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), como a defini\c{c}\~{a}o da pauta, os princ\'{i}pios e m\'{e}todos de interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o constitucional, a forma\c{c}\~{a}o de um sistema de precedentes vinculantes, as audi\^{e}ncias p\'{u}blicas e a rela\c{c}\~{a}o do tribunal com seu p\'{u}blico. Este \'{e} o \'{u}ltimo de uma s\'{e}rie de artigos que exp\~{o}em os resultados de uma pesquisa que pretendeu compreender o que os pr\'{o}prios ministros do STF pensam da pr\'{a}tica deliberativa e decis\'{o}ria desse tribunal.},

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@article{ramos_gender_2020,

title = {The gender gap in Brazilian politics and the role of the electoral court},

author = {Luciana Oliveira de Ramos and Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.1017/S1743923X18000879},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Politics \& Gender},

volume = {16},

number = {2},

pages = {409--437},

abstract = {Like many other countries, Brazil has adopted gender quotas in elections for legislatures at all levels of the federation. However, Brazilian gender quotas have been ineffective at increasing women\'s participation in politics. Authors usually point to reasons related to the electoral system and party structure. This article analyzes a variable that is rarely considered: the role of the Electoral Court. We argue that the quality and intensity of the control exercised by an electoral court, when called upon to decide on the enforcement of the gender quota law, can influence the efficacy of this policy. We show that, in general, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court tends to foster the participation of women in politics. However, based on two divides\textemdashbetween easy and difficult cases and between cases with low and high impact\textemdashwe argue that in the realm of gender quotas, this court takes a rather restrained stance in those cases considered both difficult and with high impact.},

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@article{da_silva_big_2018,

title = {Big Brother is watching the court: effects of TV broadcasting on judicial deliberation},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2018-vrue-51-vas-broadcasting.pdf},

doi = {10.5771/0506-7286-2018-4-437},

issn = {05067286},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Verfassung und Recht und \"{U}bersee},

volume = {51},

number = {2},

pages = {437-455},

abstract = {How much of the work of judges is known by the public varies considerably from country to country and even from court to court, in the same country. Institutional designs are highly diverse. Perhaps the most extreme case of publicity in courts is the public being allowed to watch judges debating. Few courts allow such publicity of the most sensitive moments of their decision-making process. Even fewer broadcast their deliberations live on TV. The Brazilian Supreme Court is one of them. This article does not intend to take sides in this debate. It does not intend to argue for or against the model of deliberation adopted by the Brazilian Supreme Court or the TV broadcasting of judicial deliberation in general. Rather, it aims to present a point of view that is sometimes neglected in academic studies on deliberation in constitutional courts or supreme courts: the view of the justices themselves.},

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@article{da_silva_we_2017,

title = {Do we deliberate? If so, how?},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46072},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Legal Studies},

volume = {9},

number = {2},

pages = {209--240},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_making_2017,

title = {Making Brazil work: checking the president in a multiparty system},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2017-icon-15-vas-making.pdf},

doi = {10.1093/icon/mox032},

issn = {1474-2640, 1474-2659},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {ICON - International Journal of Constitutional Law},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {519--525},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_global_2017,

title = {Global South: an introduction},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2017-TCR-2-Global_South.pdf},

issn = {21953422},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {This Century\'s Review},

volume = {2},

pages = {52--55},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_o_2016,

title = {O Supremo Tribunal Federal precisa de Iolau: resposta \`{a}s obje\c{c}\~{o}es de Marcelo Neves ao sopesamento e \`{a} otimiza\c{c}\~{a}o},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2016-UnB-2-Iolau.pdf},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revista Direito.UnB},

volume = {2},

pages = {96--118},

abstract = {Talvez n\~{a}o exista, no direito constitucional brasileiro atual, um debate que tenha gerado uma produ\c{c}\~{a}o t\~{a}o intensa quanto aquele sobre princ\'{i}pios constitucionais. Muito dessa produ\c{c}\~{a}o, contudo, \'{e} mera reprodu\c{c}\~{a}o do que j\'{a} foi escrito antes. O recente livro de Marcelo Neves, Entre Hidra e H\'{e}rcules, \'{e} com certeza uma exce\c{c}\~{a}o nesse cen\'{a}rio. Ele traz novas luzes ao debate e prop\~{o}e mudan\c{c}as de rumos. Neste breve artigo, pretendo defender minhas ideias em face das obje\c{c}\~{o}es que o autor suscita, para mostrar que ele, de um lado, n\~{a}o tem raz\~{a}o nessas obje\c{c}\~{o}es e, de outro, n\~{a}o oferece de fato uma alternativa \`{a}quilo que ele chama de “modelos ainda dominantes”.},

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@article{da_silva_brazilian_2016,

title = {The Brazilian Supreme Court needs Iolaus: a reply to Marcelo Neves’ objections to balancing and optimization},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2016-UnB-2-Iolau-en.pdf},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revista Direito.UnB},

volume = {2},

pages = {96--117},

abstract = {In current Brazilian constitutional debate there may be no subject that has generated so many publications as that of constitutional principles. Many of these publications, however, are a mere repetition of what has been written before. The publication of Marcelo Neves\' book “Entre H\'{i}dra e H\'{e}rcules: princ\'{i}pios e regras constitucionais como diferen\c{c}a paradoxal do sistema jur\'{i}dico” is certainly an exception in this scenario. Marcelo Neves\' book brings new light to the debate and proposes a change of course. In this short article, I intend to defend my views against the objections Neves raises in his book in order to show that, on the one hand, his objections are unsound and on the other, that he does not in fact offer an alternative to what he calls “still dominant models”.},

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@article{da_silva_o_2016-1,

title = {O relator d\'{a} voz ao STF? Uma r\'{e}plica a Almeida e Bogossian},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.21783/rei.v2i2.81},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revista Estudos Institucionais},

volume = {2},

number = {2},

pages = {648--669},

abstract = {Em recente artigo publicado nesta revista, Danilo dos Santos Almeida e Andre Martins Bogossian defenderam interessante tese sobre o papel do ministro relator como unificador das raz\~{o}es de decidir dos ac\'{o}rd\~{a}os do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Em boa medida, o artigo dialoga com trabalho de minha autoria, tamb\'{e}m publicado nesta revista. Nesta breve r\'{e}plica, pretendo mostrar que, a despeito dos bons argumentos de Almeida e Bogossian, estou convencido de que, ao menos no que diz respeito \`{a}s decis\~{o}es mais importantes do STF, a relev\^{a}ncia que eles d\~{a}o ao voto do ministro relator \'{e} exagerada. Embora o voto do relator seja de fato aquele que fornece as raz\~{o}es de decidir nos casos corriqueiros e repetitivos, at\'{e} porque nesses casos muitas vezes o voto do relator \'{e} a \'{u}nica pe\c{c}a escrita e articulada, isso n\~{a}o \'{e} necessariamente verdade nas decis\~{o}es mais importantes do STF.},

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@article{da_silva_um_2015,

title = {Um voto qualquer? O papel do ministro relator na delibera\c{c}\~{a}o no Supremo Tribunal Federal},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.21783/rei.v1i1.21},

issn = {2447-5467},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Revista Estudos Institucionais},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {180--200},

abstract = {No Supremo Tribunal Federal, o papel do ministro relator n\~{a}o foi ainda objeto de estudo mais detido. A percep\c{c}\~{a}o mais difundida \'{e} a de que o ministro relator, por ser o ministro que mais se ocupa do caso, teria papel preponderante. Estat\'{i}sticas mostram que o relator costuma ser seguido na esmagadora maioria das decis\~{o}es do STF. Mas, para al\'{e}m dos n\'{u}meros, pouco se sabe qual \'{e} a influ\^{e}ncia do relator e de seu voto no processo de delibera\c{c}\~{a}o nos casos mais pol\^{e}micos, que chamam mais a aten\c{c}\~{a}o tanto da comunidade jur\'{i}dica quanto do grande p\'{u}blico e da imprensa. Na medida em que nesses casos - ao contr\'{a}rio do que ocorre normalmente - todos os ministros costumam levar seus votos prontos para a sess\~{a}o de julgamento, \'{e} poss\'{i}vel supor que o papel e o grau de influ\^{e}ncia do relator seja diferente do usual. Este artigo \'{e} parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa que pretende compreender o que os pr\'{o}prios ministros do STF pensam da pr\'{a}tica deliberativa e decis\'{o}ria desse tribunal.},

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@article{da_silva_quem_2015,

title = {De quem divergem os divergentes: os votos vencidos no Supremo Tribunal Federal},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://revistades.jur.puc-rio.br/index.php/revistades/article/view/605},

doi = {10.17808/des.47.605},

issn = {1516-6104},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Direito, Estado e Sociedade},

volume = {47},

pages = {205--225},

abstract = {Talvez n\~{a}o haja tribunal constitucional ou suprema corte com tantos votos divergentes e concorrentes quanto o Supremo Tribunal Federal. De forma geral, contudo, pouco se questiona esse fato. Ele costuma ser simplesmente encarado como um produto natural da tradi\c{c}\~{a}o e da forma de decis\~{a}o adotada no STF. Este artigo n\~{a}o tem como objetivo fazer uma an\'{a}lise cr\'{i}tica dessa pr\'{a}tica. Este texto \'{e} parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa que pretende compreender o que os pr\'{o}prios ministros do STF pensam da pr\'{a}tica deliberativa e decis\'{o}ria desse tribunal. No \^{a}mbito espec\'{i}fico da diverg\^{e}ncia nas vota\c{c}\~{o}es, procurou-se analisar como os ministros explicam a quantidade de votos divergentes; como eles avaliam essa grande quantidade de votos divergentes e concorrentes; se eles veem alguma diferen\c{c}a entre voto divergente e voto vencido; se existe alguma regra geral sobre quando vale a pena divergir de forma expl\'{i}cita; e como eles relacionam a publica\c{c}\~{a}o de tantas diverg\^{e}ncias e o grande volume de trabalho no tribunal.},

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@article{da_silva_ideias_2015,

title = {Ideias e institui\c{c}\~{o}es constitucionais do s\'{e}culo XX no Brasil: o papel dos juristas},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://pos.direito.ufmg.br/rbep/index.php/rbep/article/view/P.0034-7191.2016V111P229},

doi = {10.9732/P.0034-7191.2016V111P229},

issn = {2359-5736, 0034-7191},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pol\'{i}ticos},

volume = {111},

pages = {229--245},

abstract = {O objetivo deste texto \'{e} apresentar uma brev\'{i}ssima hist\'{o}ria do pensamento constitucional do Brasil no s\'{e}culo XX. \'{E} poss\'{i}vel afirmar que a hist\'{o}ria desse pensamento constitucional \'{e} tamb\'{e}m a hist\'{o}ria do pensamento pol\'{i}tico-institucional do pa\'{i}s. Mas essa coincid\^{e}ncia \'{e} apenas parcial. Do in\'{i}cio do s\'{e}culo XX (na verdade, desde a independ\^{e}ncia, em 1822) at\'{e} 1945, pensamento constitucional e pensamento pol\'{i}tico (ou pol\'{i}tico-institucional) s\~{a}o express\~{o}es em grande medida coincidentes. N\~{a}o \'{e} \`{a} toa que os principais constitucionalistas desse per\'{i}odo s\~{a}o, ao mesmo tempo, os principais pensadores das institui\c{c}\~{o}es pol\'{i}ticas brasileiras. Ap\'{o}s 1945, no entanto, h\'{a} um progressivo distanciamento entre o pensamento pol\'{i}tico-institucional e pensamento constitucional, e isso por v\'{a}rias raz\~{o}es. Uma delas \'{e} o fato de que, durante o primeiro per\'{i}odo apontado, a principal (e \`{a}s vezes \'{u}nica) forma\c{c}\~{a}o acad\^{e}mica dispon\'{i}vel no pa\'{i}s era a forma\c{c}\~{a}o jur\'{i}dica. Mas o simples aumento das possibilidades de forma\c{c}\~{a}o acad\^{e}mica n\~{a}o parece ser uma raz\~{a}o suficiente para explicar a gradual diminui\c{c}\~{a}o do papel dos juristas no debate pol\'{i}tico-institucional. Algumas das raz\~{o}es para essa diminui\c{c}\~{a}o de papel ser\~{a}o analisadas ao longo deste texto.},

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@article{da_silva_how_2014,

title = {How global is global constitutionalism? Comments on Kai Moller\'s \textit{The Global Model of Constitutional Rights}},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2014-jrls-10-vas-global.pdf},

doi = {10.1093/jrls/jlu014},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

urldate = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {175--186},

abstract = {Kai M\"{o}ller’s The Global Model of Constitutional Rights1 is an ambitious project. In this book, he aims to develop a theory of rights which could explain the main features of what he calls the “global model of constitutional rights.” These main features are as follows: rights inflation, positive obligations and socioeconomic rights, horizontal effects, and balancing and proportionality.2 According to him, despite the success of the so-called global model, especially regarding judicial practice, there is still no comprehensive theory able to explain it. Still according to him, such a comprehensive theory should be able to explain which values are protected by rights and what their limits are, as well as establish the proper relation between judicial enforcement of rights and democracy.},

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@article{da_silva_union_2014,

title = {La uni\'{o}n entre personas del mismo g\'{e}nero: ¿Cu\'{a}n importantes son los textos y las instituciones?},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.52292/j.dsc.2014.2438},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

urldate = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Discusiones},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {171--203},

abstract = {A la par de la tendencia internacional, el Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) de Brasil ha decidido, por unanimidad, permitir que dos personas del mismo g\'{e}nero celebren una uni\'{o}n de hecho. En este texto, defiendo que, aunque haya alcanzado importantes e innegables progresos sustantivos, el fallo del STF sobre la uni\'{o}n de hecho entre personas del mismo g\'{e}nero suscita diversas objeciones formales e institucionales. Por un lado, en el \'{a}mbito normativo, Brasil tiene la regulaci\'{o}n sobre matrimonio y uni\'{o}n de hecho m\'{a}s espec\'{i}fica en lo que se refiere al g\'{e}nero de todos los pa\'{i}ses aqu\'{i} analizados. Por otro lado, en el \'{a}mbito institucional, Brasil es el \'{u}nico pa\'{i}s en el cual el poder legislativo fue completamente ignorado durante todo el proceso. Si el STF hubiese tomado en serio el valor del texto legal y de las instituciones, el desenlace probablemente habr\'{i}a sido mucho mejor para la Corte en s\'{i}, para el Congreso, para la sociedad civil como un todo y especialmente para las parejas de mismo g\'{e}nero, que a\'{u}n hoy no tienen los mismos derechos atribuidos a las parejas de g\'{e}nero diferente.},

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@article{da_silva_deciding_2013,

title = {Deciding without deliberating},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2013-icon-11-vas-deciding.pdf},

doi = {10.1093/icon/mot019},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {ICON - International Journal of Constitutional Law},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

pages = {557--584},

abstract = {Advocates of judicial review often take for granted the deliberative potential of courts and their role as representatives of public reason, whereas the critics of judicial review usually argue that deliberation in courts, if relevant at all, tends to be very poor. This debate is characterized by a monolithic view of courts (as well as of legislatures). I argue that internal rules and practices\textemdashvariables that are almost never taken into consideration in the debate on judicial review\textemdashmay, by fostering or hindering deliberation, strongly affect, in a positive or negative way, the legitimacy of a court. Based on a case study (of the Brazilian Supreme Court), I show how these variables work. Despite using as example a court with poor deliberative performance, I argue that this should not lead to the conclusion that the thesis of courts as institutions with a distinctive deliberative potential must be rejected. What I argue is rather that each disincentive to a true deliberation is caused by a particular rule or by a particular practice. Other rules and other practices may lead to completely different outcomes.},

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@article{da_silva_continuum_2013,

title = {A continuum of electoral systems? (or, why law and legislation need typologies)},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2013-TPL-1-Continuum.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5235/205088413808821381},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {The Theory and Practice of Legislation},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {227--253},

abstract = {Constitutions of several countries have provisions prescribing that elections to their parliaments be held in accordance with the principle of proportional representation, but they usually do not define “proportional representation”. It is a task for ordinary legislators to decide which proportional system shall be adopted. At the same time, one of the strongest trends within electoral studies in recent decades is to reject a dichotomous classification of electoral systems (majoritarian and proportional). According to this trend, electoral systems should be organised along a continuum. In this article I advocate three main theses on the continuum of electoral systems. Firstly, I argue that the tenability of such continua is undermined by their organisation grounded exclusively in indices of disproportionality. Secondly, I claim that the fact that electoral systems may be organised as a continuum does not preclude the necessity of a typology of electoral systems. Thirdly, I argue that, because continuum theories are divorced from legal and legislative vocabulary, they are useless to serve as basis for legal or legislative decisions.},

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@article{da_silva_historinhas_2013,

title = {Historinhas (irrelevantes) sobre as constitui\c{c}\~{o}es brasileiras},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {http://novosestudos.uol.com.br/v1/contents/view/1527},

issn = {0101-3300},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Novos Estudos - CEBRAP},

number = {96},

pages = {173--179},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_treaties_2012,

title = {Do treaties matter? Beth Simmons\' \textit{Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics}},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.1017/S2071832200020381},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {German Law Journal},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {76--86},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_discovering_2012,

title = {Discovering the court: or, how rights awareness puts the Brazilian Supreme Court in the spotlight},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2012-TCR-1-Discovering_the_Court.pdf},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {This Century\'s Review},

volume = {1},

pages = {16--20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_comparing_2011,

title = {Comparing the incommensurable: constitutional principles, balancing and rational decision},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2011-ojls-31-vas-comparing.pdf},

doi = {10.1093/ojls/gqr004},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

urldate = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Oxford Journal of Legal Studies},

volume = {31},

number = {2},

pages = {273--301},

abstract = {Balancing implies a comparison among goods, values, principles and rights that cannot be ranked on a single scale of measurement, ie there is no unequivocal measuring unit applicable to all of them. In such situations, it is common to state that one has to compare incommensurable things. Indeed, this issue has been mentioned by several authors as a strong reason in favour of abandoning balancing (and proportionality) as a rational form of judicial argumentation and decision-making. My article aims at arguing that this objection is based on fallacious assumptions concerning the relations among three concepts: incommensurability, incomparability and balancing. Initially, what is at stake is the analysis of the connection between comparing values (or principles) and commensurability. The results of this initial analysis were then used to provide greater analytical strength to the specific debate on balancing and comparing rights in order to show that incommensurability does not imply incomparability and that rational decisions are possible even when incommensurable values are at stake. Since balancing (and proportionality) implies comparisons, and since constitutional principles are doubtlessly incommensurable (for there is no common metric to measure them), arguing for the comparability of incommensurable principles is an unavoidable step if one aims at demonstrating that balancing may be a rational procedure after all.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_claiming_2011,

title = {Claiming the right to health in Brazilian courts: the exclusion of the already excluded?},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva and Fernanda Vargas Terrazas},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2011-lsi-36-vas-claiming.pdf},

doi = {10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01252.x},

issn = {1747-4469},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

urldate = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Law \& Social Inquiry},

volume = {36},

number = {4},

pages = {825--853},

abstract = {The aim of this article is to test a widespread belief among Brazilian legal scholars in the area of social rights, namely, the claim that courts are an alternative institutional voice for the poor, who are usually marginalized from the political process. According to this belief, social rights litigation would be a means (supposedly “a better means”) of realizing rights such as the right to health care, since supposedly both the wealthy and the poor have equal access to the courts. To probe the consistency of this belief, we analyzed the socioeconomic profiles of plaintiffs in the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil) who were granted access to specific medications or medical treatments by judicial decisions. In this study, the justiciability of social rights has not proven to be a means of rendering certain public services more democratic and accessible.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_quem_2010,

title = {Quem sou eu para discordar de um ministro do STF? O ensino do direito entre argumento de autoridade e livre debate de ideias},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva and Daniel Wei Liang Wang},

doi = {10.1590/S1808-24322010000100006},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

urldate = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Revista Direito GV},

volume = {11},

pages = {95--118},

abstract = {Este artigo tem como objetivo narrar uma experi\^{e}ncia concreta com aulas participativas. O que se pretende \'{e}, entre outras coisas, demonstrar que nem sempre s\~{a}o necess\'{a}rias reformula\c{c}\~{o}es radicais na metodologia do ensino jur\'{i}dico para que resultados positivos sejam alcan\c{c}ados. Algumas das formas tradicionais de ensino - no caso em quest\~{a}o, os semin\'{a}rios - \`{a}s vezes n\~{a}o produzem os efeitos desejados, por defici\^{e}ncias no planejamento ou por reproduzirem v\'{i}cios do ensino jur\'{i}dico, como: Ensino n\~{a}o participativo; foco no argumento de autoridade; muita exposi\c{c}\~{a}o e pouco debate; falta de incentivo a posturas cr\'{i}ticas etc. A reprodu\c{c}\~{a}o desses v\'{i}cios, aliada ao fato de que, nos semin\'{a}rios, muitas vezes o professor est\'{a} ausente, parece-nos ser a causa da percep\c{c}\~{a}o generalizada de que aulas de semin\'{a}rios s\~{a}o uma forma menos importante de aprendizado. Nossa experi\^{e}ncia tem demonstrado que esse cen\'{a}rio pode ser muito diferente, se alguns cuidados forem tomados.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_o_2009,

title = {O STF e o controle de constitucionalidade: delibera\c{c}\~{a}o, di\'{a}logo e raz\~{a}o p\'{u}blica},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

doi = {10.12660/rda.v250.2009.4144},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Direito Administrativo},

volume = {250},

pages = {197--227},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_presuncao_2006,

title = {A presun\c{c}\~{a}o de constitucionalidade das leis, a interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o conforme a constitui\c{c}\~{a}o e o dogma da legisla\c{c}\~{a}o negativa},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Direito (Lisboa)},

volume = {138},

number = {1},

pages = {39--60},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_duvergers_2006,

title = {Duverger\'s laws: between social and institutional determinism},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2006-ejpr-45-vas-duverger.pdf},

doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00289.x},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

urldate = {2006-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Political Research},

volume = {45},

number = {1},

pages = {31--41},

abstract = {he purpose of this article is to relocate Duverger\'s Laws within the debate about the effects of electoral systems on the number of parties. Although Duverger\'s theory has always been seen as the best example of a purely institutionalist approach to the issue, it is possible to argue that this is only true if one overemphasises the meaning of the laws without considering Duverger\'s justification and explanations for them. However, if one takes into consideration not only the laws, but also Duverger\'s theories about the effects of electoral systems on the number of parties as a whole, one can argue that his theses do not have a purely institutionalist character and can therefore coexist with theories that try to take into account variables other than electoral rules.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_interpretacao_2006,

title = {Interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o conforme a constitui\c{c}\~{a}o: entre a trivialidade e a centraliza\c{c}\~{a}o judicial},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/revdireitogv/article/view/35221},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

urldate = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Revista Direito GV},

volume = {3},

pages = {191--210},

abstract = {O c\^{a}none interpretativo da "interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o conforme a constitui\c{c}\~{a}o" vem ganhando um espa\c{c}o crescente na jurisprud\^{e}ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal e na argumenta\c{c}\~{a}o forense em geral. Recorrer a esse tipo de interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o d\'{a}, muitas vezes, a impress\~{a}o de que se faz uma defer\^{e}ncia ao legislador, "salvando" uma lei da declara\c{c}\~{a}o de inconstitucionalidade por meio de uma interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o benevolente. Este artigo pretende chamar a aten\c{c}\~{a}o para pontos pouco estudados nesse \^{a}mbito e tentar demonstrar que tanto a fundamenta\c{c}\~{a}o quanto as conseq\"{u}\^{e}ncias da interpreta\c{c}\~{a}o conforme a constitui\c{c}\~{a}o s\~{a}o muito mais problem\'{a}ticas do que aparentam ser, especialmente diante da atual legisla\c{c}\~{a}o sobre controle de constitucionalidade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_o_2006,

title = {O conte\'{u}do essencial dos direitos fundamentais e efic\'{a}cia das normas constitucionais},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2006-RDE4-Conteudo_essencial.pdf},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Direito do Estado},

volume = {4},

pages = {23--51},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_interpretacion_2005,

title = {La interpretaci\'{o}n conforme a la constituci\'{o}n: entre la trivialidad y la centralizaci\'{o}n judicial},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1060641\&orden=30729\&info=link},

doi = {10.22201/iij.24484881e.2005.12.5723},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

urldate = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Cuestiones Constitucionales},

volume = {12},

pages = {3--28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_direitos_2005,

title = {Direitos fundamentais e rela\c{c}\~{o}es entre particulares},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/revdireitogv/article/view/35274},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

urldate = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Revista Direito GV},

volume = {1},

pages = {173--180},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_partidos_2005,

title = {Partidos e reforma pol\'{i}tica},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2005-RBDP11-Partidos_e_reforma.pdf},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Revista Brasileira de Direito P\'{u}blico},

volume = {11},

pages = {9--19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_evolucao_2005,

title = {A evolu\c{c}\~{a}o dos direitos fundamentais},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2005-RLAEC06-Evolucao.pdf},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Constitucionais},

volume = {6},

pages = {541--558},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_fossilised_2004,

title = {A fossilised constitution?},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2004-rj-17-vas-fossilised.pdf},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9337.2004.00277.x},

issn = {1467-9337},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

urldate = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Ratio Juris},

volume = {17},

number = {4},

pages = {454--473},

abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to analyse the limits of constitutional reform. Some constitutions, for example, the German (art. 79, sec. 3), the Italian (art. 139), the Portuguese (art. 288), the French (art. 89, sec. 5), and the Brazilian (art. 60, sec. 4), contain an “essential core” of rights, which is usually understood as being immune to change. The initial focus in the paper is on the discussion on whether and to what extent these “essential cores” are indeed immune to change. A second focus is on Ross\'s paradox. Here I analyse and reject Ross\'s own solution to the paradox and I show, too, that the paradox admits no solution that does not imply a discontinuity in the legal system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_principios_2003,

title = {Princ\'{i}pios e regras: mitos e equ\'{i}vocos acerca de uma distin\c{c}\~{a}o},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2003-RLAEC01-Principios_e_regras.pdf},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Constitucionais},

volume = {1},

pages = {607--630},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_o_2002,

title = {O proporcional e o razo\'{a}vel},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2002-RT798-Proporcionalidade.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Revista dos Tribunais},

volume = {798},

pages = {23--50},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_regulamentacao_2002,

title = {A regulamenta\c{c}\~{a}o do sistema financeiro nacional: o art. 192 e o mito da lei complementar \'{u}nica},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva and Jean-Paul Rocha},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2002-RDM127-Regulamentacao_192.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Direito Mercantil Industrial, Econ\^{o}mico e Financeiro},

volume = {127},

pages = {79--92},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_ulisses_2001,

title = {Ulisses, as sereias e o poder constituinte derivado: sobre a inconstitucionalidade da dupla revis\~{a}o e da altera\c{c}\~{a}o no quorum de 3/5 para aprova\c{c}\~{a}o de emendas constitucionais},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2001-RDA226-Ulisses_e_as_sereias.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Revista de Direito Administrativo},

volume = {226},

pages = {11--32},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{da_silva_inexistencia_1998,

title = {A inexist\^{e}ncia de um sistema eleitoral misto e suas conseq\"{u}\^{e}ncias na ado\c{c}\~{a}o do sistema alem\~{a}o no Brasil},

author = {Virg\'{i}lio Afonso da Silva},

url = {https://constituicao.direito.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/1998-CDC23-Sistema_misto.pdf},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Cadernos de Direito Constitucional e Ci\^{e}ncia Pol\'{i}tica},

volume = {23},

pages = {238--243},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}